Two hundred ninety families residing in the State of Minnesota, mostly in rural areas, participated in this study. One parent per family participated in the study (92.4% mothers and 7.6% fathers), and 24 of the families had two children from the same family. On average, the parents were 34.4 years old, were predominately White (89.6%), and slightly more than half were married (53.8%).
Family Income and Parenting: The Role of Parental Depression and Social Support
This study examined the relations among family income, social support, parental depression, and parenting among 290 predominantly rural families with children at risk for disruptive or socially withdrawn behaviors. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression were used, and the results showed that low family income was related to high levels of parental depression, which in turn were associated with disruptive parenting. The findings also showed that social support mediated the adverse relationship between low family income and parental depression. Social support was directly related to positive parenting and indirectly related to parent-child relational frustration via parental depression. Social support also moderated the indirect relationship between low family income and parenting. Implications for prevention intervention are discussed.
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